In the previous post, I talked about the benefits of microservices. but the discussion will be incomplete without talking about some of the important challenges one should expect when going for microservices-based architecture.

Well, microservices provide a lot of benefits, but this definitely is not a silver bullet, and if not architected properly, the design can cause more pain than it will provide benefits. Here are some of the considerations one needs to keep in mind when designing an application with microservices.

Too few/ too many services: The first question one needs to deal with when going for microservices-based architecture is how to break the application into microservices. Too many microservices would mean you are unnecessarily complicating the system and too few would mean you are not getting the benefits of a microservice-based design.

Complex DevOps: Unlike a monolith application where you are deploying just a single application, not you are dealing with dozens of microservices. Each service needs its own compilation and deployment pipeline, which means independent management and tracking.

Monitoring: As multiple services are communicating with each other to make the application work, a single failure can impact the overall success. Hence it is important to monitor all services, which means a complex dashboarding, alerting, and monitoring system in place to keep a check on all pieces.

Multiple Tech Stacks: One of the advantages we get with microservices is the independence you get in choosing a tech stack for each piece, but too many tech stacks would mean difficult intra-team support and low expertise on technology.

Managing Data: Another challenge with microservice-based design is managing the data. As a rule of thumb, each microservice should manage its own data. But this can get tricky as sometimes microservices need to share data. If not managed properly one can run into a problem of duplicate sources of data or performance issues in fetching data from other services.

In the last post, I introduced the concept of microservices and why it is a default fit for Cloud Native Design. But an important question that should be asked is why microservice-based design has gained so much popularity in recent years. What all advantages microservices gives us over traditional application design?

Let us go over some advantages of microservices-based design here

Ease of Development: The very first thing visible in microservices-based architecture is that we have divided the application into smaller services. This also means we can organize our developers into smaller teams, focusing on one piece of deliverable, less code to understand, less code to the manager, and hence can be more agile.

Scalability: A monolith application is difficult to scale as you are looking at replicating the whole application. In the case of microservices, you can focus on pieces that are actually required to scale. For example, in an eCommerce system, a search microservice is getting a lot of requests and hence can be scaled independently of the rest of the application.

Polyglot programming: As we have divided applications into smaller pieces, we have flexibility in choosing tech stacks for different pieces as per our comfort. For example, if we know a certain Machine learning piece of application/ microservice can be developed easier in python, whereas the rest of my application is in Java, it is easy to make the choice.

Single Responsibility Services: As we have divided the application into smaller services, each service is now focusing on one responsibility only.

Testability: It is easier to test smaller pieces of applications than to test them as a whole. For example, in an e-commerce application, if a change is made in the search feature, testing can be focused on this area only.

Agile Development: As teams are dealing with smaller deployable now, it is easier and a good fit for Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD), hence helping achieve less time to market.

Stabler Applications: One advantage microservices architecture gives us is to categorize our microservices on basis of criticality. For example, in our e-commerce system, order placement and shopping cart features will be of higher criticality than say a recommendation service. This way we can focus on the availability, scalability, and maintenance of areas that can directly impact user experience.

I cannot tell you whether the cloud has popularized microservice-based design or is it vice versa, but both go hand in hand. To understand this, let us take a quick trip to the history of the most popular application designs in past few years.

Monolithic design: If you are in the software Industry for more than a decade, you know that there was a time when the whole application was written as one single deployable unit. This does not sound bad if the application itself is small, but as the size of the application grows, it becomes difficult to manage, test, and enhance.

Some of the important challenges with monolith design were – difficulty to update, even a small change needing complete testing and deployment, being stuck with a tech stack, and difficult scaling.

Service-Oriented Architecture: The challenges in Monolithic design paved the way for an architecture where code was distributed in terms of services, hence called Service-Oriented Architecture or SOA. For example, in an e-commerce platform, we will have services for product management, inventory management, shipping management, and so on. This design helped in better organizing the code, but the final application was still compiled into one deployable and deployed to a single application server. Because of this limitation, this inherited most of the challenges from Monolith design.

Microservices: Though SOA inherited challenges from the Monolith era, one important change it brought was to the mindset of the developers and architects. We started looking at the application not as a single piece but as a set of features coming together to solve a common purpose. With the cloud, Infrastructure related limitations were reduced to a great extent, hence giving us the freedom to further divide the application not only at design time but also at run time.

A major change that has come with Microservices is that you are breaking your application into a smaller set of services (hence the term microservice), which can solve one piece of the problem independently. This microservice is designed, developed, tested, deployed, and maintained independently. This also solves most of the problems we faced in Monolith design, because now you can scale, manage, develop (hence use independent tech stacks), and test these microservices independently.

At a high level, cloud-provided services can be categorized into the following – Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). Before you design an application for the cloud, it is important to get a basic understanding of these types, to make a call on what application best fits into which kind of service.

Before the cloud, when we owned the infrastructure on which applications were deployed, we were responsible for buying and managing hardware (usually a Server or PC), then deploying Operating Systems, Firewalls, application servers, Databases, and other software for applications to run. Everything needed to be manually handled from the power supply to software patches. This was changed with the introduction of the cloud.

Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS is the basic set of services provided by cloud providers, where you are provided with bare minimum hardware needs. For example, you take a Virtual machine and install OS on that (mostly you will get a VM with pre-installed OS, but you are responsible for managing the patches and upgrades). On top of that, you are responsible for installing and managing any tools and software needed for your applications.

Platform as a Service or PaaS provides a platform on top of which you can deploy your applications. In this case, the only thing you are responsible for is the code or application and data. Amazon Elastic Beanstalk or Azure Web Apps are examples of such services, that help you directly deploy your applications without worrying about underlying hardware or software.

Software as a Service or SaaS, as the name suggests, are services where you get the whole functionality as off the shelf, all you need to do is login and use the software. Any email provider service is a good example, like Gmail. you just need to login and use the service.

I introduced Cloud Native Application Design and Cloud Computing in the last post. As a next step, we will discuss cloud computing a little more. Understanding cloud computing is the first step toward generating cloud-native applications.

So what is cloud computing? Cloud computing is a term we use to collectively call services provided by cloud service providers. These services include storage, compute, networking, security, etc. Let me borrow the official definition from Wikipedia.

Cloud computing is the on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage (cloud storage) and computing power, without direct active management by the user. Large clouds often have functions distributed over multiple locations, each location being a data center. Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to achieve coherence and typically uses a “pay-as-you-go” model, which can help in reducing capital expenses but may also lead to unexpected operating expenses for users.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing

The definition covers a few important aspects.

On-Demand: You can activate or deactivate the services as per your need. You are renting the services and not buying any hardware. For example, you can activate/rent a Virtual Machine on the cloud, use it, and then kill it (you take compute capacity from the cloud pool and return it back when you are done).

Multiple Types of services: The definition talks about Compute and Storage (these are basic, and one can argue most services are built on these), but if you go to any popular cloud service provider’s portal, you will see a much larger set of services like databases, security services, AI/ ML based, IOT, etc.

Data Centers: Cloud service providers have multiple data centers, spread across various geographical regions in the world, each region has multiple data centers (usually distributed into zones, with one zone having multiple data centers). This kind of setup helps in replicating resources for scalability, availability, and performance.

Shared Resources: As already mentioned, when on the cloud, you do not own resources and share infrastructure with other users (though cloud providers also have an option for separated infrastructure at a higher price). This helps cloud providers manage the resources at scale, hence keeping the prices low.

Pay-as-you-go: Probably one of the most important factors for the popularity of the cloud. You pay for your usage only. Going back to our previous example, you created a VM for X amount of time, so you pay only for that time.

Unexpected Operating Expenses: Though Cloud is popular because it can help reduce overall infrastructure costs, it can also go the other way if you are not careful about managing your resources. For example, unused resources or unused capacity will add to your bills, at the same time, low capability resources will impact services and user experience. So striking the correct balance becomes important and needs expertise, hence adding to operating costs.

Cloud native application, or cloud native design, or cloud native architecture, or .. well the list is endless, and unless you are living under a rock, you hear these terms almost on daily basis. The critical question here is, do we understand what the term “cloud-native” means? Mostly “cloud-native” is confused with anything that is deployed on the cloud. And nothing can be more wrong.

What is “Cloud-Native”?

Cloud-native architecture and technologies are an approach to designing, constructing, and operating workloads that are built in the cloud and take full advantage of the cloud computing model.

https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/architecture/cloud-native/definition

Cloud native technologies empower organizations to build and run scalable applications in modern, dynamic environments such as public, private, and hybrid clouds. Containers, service meshes, microservices, immutable infrastructure, and declarative APIs exemplify this approach.

https://www.cncf.io/about/who-we-are/

Let me just say, “Cloud Native” means “Built for Cloud”. You start by keeping in mind what Cloud can do for you while designing your application.

Easier said than done. Most of the time, you will design a solution and then try to fit it into the cloud. Another challenge might be your understanding of the cloud. Cloud (or better we should call it cloud computing) itself can be a complex concept. So let us take a moment to demystify it, and let’s start with how industry leaders define it.

What is Cloud-Computing?

Simply put, cloud computing is the delivery of computing services—including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics, and intelligence—over the Internet (“the cloud”) to offer faster innovation, flexible resources, and economies of scale. You typically pay only for cloud services you use, helping lower your operating costs, run your infrastructure more efficiently and scale as your business needs change.

https://azure.microsoft.com/en-in/resources/cloud-computing-dictionary/what-is-cloud-computing/#benefits

Cloud computing is the on-demand delivery of IT resources over the Internet with pay-as-you-go pricing. Instead of buying, owning, and maintaining physical data centers and servers, you can access technology services, such as computing power, storage, and databases, on an as-needed basis from a cloud provider like Amazon Web Services (AWS).

https://aws.amazon.com/what-is-cloud-computing/

In short, Cloud-Computing is a set of services, in the form of compute capabilities, storage, networking, security, etc. that one can use off-the-shelf. As an extension, we can say Cloud-Native design is designing our system keeping the full advantage of these services.